Genetic distances between cousins Mac Donald

The purpose of the given article is studying genetic distances of people ranked as family the Mac of Donald’s, Scotland, Haplogroup R1a1. Were investigated Haplotype 15 person which surname has taken place from sort of Lord of Islands of John I Mac Donald (board 1336-1386). The founder of a sort about 1310 was born.

Donald's first the Mac descendants carry surnames the Mac Donald, Donald, Mac Daniel, McDonald. Among investigated group 11 people till now live in Scotland, 1 person in Ireland and 3 persons in USA. All Haplotype unites Haplogroup R1a1, very similar results of tests DNA and a uniform surname that speaks about impossibility of falsification of the data owing to assignment of an another surname by someone. Therefore all considered Haplotype are cousins each other.

For research the information from database Y-Search [1] American companies Family Tree DNA [2] was used. Were analyzed is 67-Markers Haplotype Mac Donald’s (Scotland) Haplogroup R1a1. Below we result Haplotype 15 person, the DNA-Test designated by numbers from a database, with values alleles, written out in one line under the standard of company Family Tree DNA.

Standard Family Tree DNA (loci 1-67):
DYS# 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d 460 GATA H4 YCAIIa YCAIIb 456 607 576 570 CDYa CDYb 442 438 425 444 446 531 578 395S1a 395S1b 590 537 641 472 406S1 511 413a 413b 557 594 436 490 534 450 481 520 617 568 487 572 640 492 565

The sequence of loci for DYS# 425, 444 and 446 in this research differs from usual record - they follow at once 438 locus. So, we shall result the list Haplotype Mac Donald’s with the instruction of number of test DNA on a database:

1. NZT3U (MacDonald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 11 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 16 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

2. NCK5H (MacDonald, Ireland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 37 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 11 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

3. 5SRKJ (McDaniel, USA)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 15 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 15 16 17 18 34 39 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

4. 6AVY9 (McDaniel, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 37 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 11 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

5. 4TNQM (McDonald, Scotland)
13 26 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 24 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 18 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 16 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

6. F6AV7 (Donald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 13 12 12 10 14 11 30 15 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 10 12 19 21 15 16 17 17 34 39 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 11 10 8 11 11 22 22 16 11 12 12 14 8 25 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

7. 8VA9F (MacDonald, Scotland)
13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 11 19 21 17 17 14 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

8. 9S3ET (MacDonald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 17 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 15 17 19 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

9. BVBA2 (MacDonald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 16 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

10. QEH3R (MacDonald, Scotland)
13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 29 15 9 10 11 11 26 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 16 15 20 19 35 38 12 11 12 15 12 12 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 11 22 22 16 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 12 12 12

11. QMZB2 (MacDonald, Unknown)
13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 32 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 39 12 11 12 13 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 24 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

12. VAU59 (Macdonald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 17 34 40 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

13. FRMSB (McDonald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 30 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 12 8 17 17 8 11 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

14. G49HB (McDonald, Scotland)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 40 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 24 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

15. PUAP2 (McDonald, USA)
13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 20 34 39 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 12 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

As a result of the analysis 15 Haplotype’s we have calculated modal Haplotype Mac Donald first the Mac proceeding from minimization of values alleles:

13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 30 15 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 11 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

Traditional researchers believe value of a locus 389-2 as 31, and a locus 458 as 16. We accordingly take the minimal values 30 (value 29 at 10 Haplotype QEH3R we exclude as casual, only 3 Haplotype from 29-30) and 15 (three Haplotype).

A plenty also lives in Scotland Mac Donald’s of others Haplogroup, for example I1, I2, J, E and R1b1. For an example we shall look on casually taken Haplotype Mac Donald’s Haplogroup R1b1a2, 7JG75 (Mac Donald, Scotland):

13 24 14 10 11 15 12 12 11 13 13 29 18 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 11 11 19 23 15 15 19 18 36 37 13 12 12 12 13 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 23 23 16 10 12 12 15 8 22 20 12 11 13 11 11 12 11

The genetic distance from NZT3U (MacDonald, Scotland) and 7JG75 (Mac Donald, Scotland) makes 48 single-step mutations. Hence, others the Mac Donald’s essentially differ on genes DNA from allocated group R1a1.

Let's make the Table No. 1, two-piece, the first part of the table includes loci from 1 up to 37, the second part – 38–67. The first column of tables is numbers researched Haplotype’s. In all others column we shall note quantity of single-step mutations from values alleles NZT3U (MacDonald, Scotland).

We see presence of single-step mutations of cousins Mac Donald’s in various 21 markers (from 67 markers). Thus, practically third of markers in a man's Y-chromosome of cousins is subject to mutations. We shall construct the diagram of a parity of the sum of single-step mutations of all cousins depending on value of markers. 27 and 35 markers are most subject to mutations, thus 27, 35 and 53 markers NZT3U (MacDonald, Scotland) have left from normal values of other cousins, therefore we notice local maxima of mutations in these markers.

Studying of the diagram and values of the Table No. 1 speak that any markers to some extent are subject to mutations. There are single-step mutations of both signs – both plus, and a minus. It turns out, that any law in mutations DNA at cousins it is not observed, she has casual character.

Let's compare in pairs genetic distances between fifteen cousins in the Table No. 2. We see that genetic distances cousins Mac Donald’s change from the minimal values of 1-2 mutations, average values of 9-10 mutations and up to the maximal values of 25-27 mutations.

Our research carries a statistical property, therefore it is logical to calculate the average values of single-step mutations between cousins (average genetic distances). In the Table No. 3 we shall place values of average genetic distances between all cousins at the end of the table we shall calculate average size of a genetic distance for all cousins which appear equal 9.

Let's specially note, that genetic distances of cousins Mac Donald’s was necessary to expect manually as service Y-Search calculates genetic distances absolutely incorrectly. The software of service does not take into account a sign on mutations and passes negative mutations. Therefore for correct researches to use service Y-Search it is impossible.

In the research we looked the casual data on family Mac Donald’s, taken of database Family Tree DNA Y-Search. Now we will address to a known database of the project of the Clan Mac Donald’s [3]. Participants of the project Haplogroup R1a1, considered John I as descendants, are distributed on three groups – red, green and yellow. The red group unites 148 Haplotype Mac Donald’s which authors of the project count the present members of a sort. In green group 19 representatives Donald's carried by authors to descendants mythical Somerled Mac, living in XI century, John Macdonald's ancestor are collected. This decision is caused by the big genetic distances Haplotype groups from modal Haplotype Mac Donald’s. In yellow, most "awful" group are included 36 Haplotype Mac Donald’s whom cannot correctly identify owing to significant genetic mutations. Thus the most part of participants of the project carry a surname the Mac Donald, since XVII-XVIII centuries when did not know, that such DNA, and had no intention to appropriate an another surname.

Tables Haplotype contain the data on genetic distances, time of a life of general ancestor TMRCA in generations and values alleles on loci. In the researches we shall analyze 67-Markers tests DNA. In total we have found 110 67-Markers Haplotype’s. We shall collect in the Table No. 4 data on genetic distances in mutations for red, green and yellow groups. In each group we shall note quantity Haplotype’s, to corresponding mutations from 1 up to 18. At the end of the table we shall specify quantity Haplotype’s and mutations in each group, and also average value of mutations in group. In brackets we shall result real values of mutations in view of all single-step mutations at considered Haplotype’s.

Thus we at once have found out obvious and very serious mistakes at drawing up of tables by authors of the project Mac Donald’s. To us it is not so clear, why researchers have accepted time of a life of the general ancestor for 26 generations, instead of 28 generations when John I Mac Donald lived in 1310-1386. It is the smallest discrepancy. Authors count for a genetic distance not total of single-step mutations, and only quantity mutation markers. For example, in the very first line of the table for Haplotype 2F9FB B. G. McDaniel we find out one two step-by-step mutation in DYS CDYb 37 (modal value 39). Therefore the first Haplotype has two mutations, instead of one, and should be below under the table. Besides meet not simply two step-by-step mutations, but three and even five step-by-step mutations in one marker, for example for Haplotype R38X5 C. J. McDonald DYS CDYb 34, and modal value 39. So Haplotype QEH3R N. W. MacDonald has under table 14 of mutations, and actually 18 single-step mutations. Besides in tables in column DYS 389-2 authors of the project do not count value 30 or 32 mutation though modal value at them is equal 31.

Thus, the quantity of mutations in the Table No. 4 actually exceeds the specified sizes on 15-32 %, the average value on 19 %. For example, for yellow group the difference makes 44 not taken into account mutations that are all should be specified 138+44=182 mutations. It’s as whole distortion makes in red group of 15 %, in green group of 19 %, and in yellow group of 32 %. Therefore the average value of mutations on Haplotype for a clan Mac Donald’s makes value of 6.9 mutations on Haplotype. It is all for 650 (700) of existence of a sort Mac Donald’s.

We understand a situation with falsification of data processing of DNA-Tests Mac Donald’s as the deliberate action directed on protection of honor and advantage of a clan the Mac of Donald’s. It is ridiculous to assume, that a well-born Mac Donald has appropriated not the surname, therefore efforts of authors of the project are directed at all on an establishment of true, and on protection of the false linear theory of calculation of a life of the general ancestor.

The world scientific community widely uses results of researches DNA Mac Donald’s in the work. For example, scientists Chandler [4] and Klyosov [5] for the calculations take value of mutations on Haplotype 3.7, referring on a clan Mac Donald’s, so "well investigated by DNA-Genealogy. However if we compare parameter 3.7 to the best value 4.8 for red group the mistake will make 30 %, and for the average value of 6.9 single-step mutations on Haplotype for Mac Donald’s mistake Klyosov and will make his followers about two times (86 %). It is logical to assume, that mathematical and theoretical fabrications of the doctor of sciences and the academician of DNA-GENEALOGY A.A. Klyosov, are based on unchecked calculations.

Let's time lives of the general ancestor Mac Donald’s for all group 67-Markers Haplotype on the basis of our specified data on linear hypothesis Klyosov and logarithmic Kubarev’s formula.

Let's estimate quantity of mutations in 67-Markers Haplotype which could appear at each cousin Mac Donald’s for 26 generations by A.A. Klyosova's conventional techniques [5]. For this purpose it is used the linear formula of definition of a life of the general ancestor:

T = n/N/K (1),

Where T - time up to the general ancestor, in generations,
n - quantity of mutations in all N Haplotype’s samples,
K - the average speed (frequency) of mutations expressed among mutations on a marker on generation.

For 67-Markers Haplotype average speed of mutations on A.A. Klyosov's specified value K67 = 0.12.

For convenience of calculations we shall accept our time for 2010.
Let's define average quantity of mutations n for two N cousins Mac Donald’s at speed K67 = 0.12 and quantity of generations T = 26 (650 years):

n = T x N x K67 = 26 x 2 x 0.12 = 6.2

Thus, the quantity of mutations for pair cousins should not exceed Mac Donald’s 6 for 650 years, that is for each 100 years on one single-step mutation.

In our case (the Table No. 3) we see, that to this parameter satisfy only two cousins Mac Donald’s (average quantity of mutations n = 5.9 and 6.3).

Let's calculate time T for red, green and yellow groups of the Table No. 4 on Klyosov:

T (red) = n/N/K67 = 416/86/0.12 = 40 or T = 1000 years ago, that does not match in any way 650 years.

T (green) = n/N/K67 = 163/14/0.12 = 97 or T = 2425 years ago, that is too far from 650 years.

T (yellow) = n/N/K67 = 182/10/0.12 = 152 or T = 3800 years ago, that especially is not joined in any way to 650 years.

At all disorder of figures, we research Haplotype original carriers of a surname Mac Donald’s. John Mac Donald's descendants (1310-1386) are not guilty that were born the Mac Donald’s to DNA-Genealogy.

Logical conclusion - linear formulas of DNA-Genealogy [5] are not true. All modern methods of calculation of a life of the general ancestor are erroneous inherently in fact they do not take into account logarithmic character of accumulation of mutations at cousins. It’s besides modern techniques of calculations sweep aside without scientific discussion the fact of presence of independent mutations at different branches of cousins. We have already shown these features in the work on cousins Rurikovich [6]. Mutations should develop at cousins, in fact they collected independently. Therefore the maximal figure 6.2 of mutations for an accessory to the Mac Donald’s is erroneous. In pairs cousins the average of mutations always will be about 13, and in numerous pairs cousins the quantity of mutations should depend on function of the normal logarithm.

In works [6, 7] we had been offered Kubarev’s formula for calculation of a life of the general ancestor which can be used freely for pair’s cousins and a sort as a whole. The formula takes into account logarithmic character of accumulation of mutations cousins:

T = n/N/K/ln (n/N) (2) or n/N/ln (n/N) = KT (3),

Where T - time up to the general ancestor in generations, n - quantity of mutations in all N Haplotype samples, K - the average speed (frequency) of mutations expressed among mutations on a marker on generation, ln – the natural logarithm.
Kubarev’s formula can be applied, if n/N> e. She will work and with reduction of the attitude n/N to e, but in this case function gets the deformed kind therefore in this area it is necessary to do calculations under the known formula (1) linear models:

T = n/N/K/ln (e) (4).

For studying 67-Markers Haplotype we had been recommended average speed of mutations K67 = 0.105 [7]. However for a clan Mac Donald’s speed K67 = 0.109 has been received.

Let's time lives of the general ancestor for red, green and yellow groups of cousins Mac Donald’s under the Table No. 4, the formula (2) and K67 = 0.109:

T (red) = 416/86/0.109/ln (416/86) = 416/86/0.109/1.58 = 28 or T = 700 years ago (1310).

T (green) = 163/14/0.109/ln (163/14) = 163/14/0.109/2.45 = 44 or T = 1100 years ago (910).

T (yellow) = 182/10/0.109/ln (182/10) = 182/10/0.109/2.9 = 58 or T = 1450 years ago (560).

The first result is stacked during John Mac Donald's birth. But the green and yellow group is generated from rare Haplotype’s with the big mutations, without averaging on all clan Mac Donald’s. Therefore we shall time lives of the general ancestor at all clan Mac Donald’s:

T (Mac Donald) = 761/110/0.109/ln (761/110) = 761/110/0.109/1.93 = 33 or T = 825 years ago (1185),

That on the one hand it is poorly joined to genealogy of descendants of John Mac Donald.

On the other hand, mutations and a rarity Haplotype’s green and yellow groups speak about existence of earlier general ancestor, namely – Somerled from XII century (Somerled, King of the Hebrides, board 1140-1164). Thus, our calculations show that the general ancestor at all groups Mac Donald’s was born not earlier than XII century.

Thus it is necessary to understand, that = 0.109 for cousins Mac Donald’s we have received value of speed K67 earlier on erroneous data Klyosov [7]. We calibrate this speed on the new data of red group Mac Donald’s:

K67 = 416/86/26/ln (416/86) = 416/86/26/1.58 = 0.118.

This value differs from previous 0.109 on 8 %. We shall count T (Mac Donald) on new speed:

T (Mac Donald) = 761/110/0.118/ln (761/110) = 761/110/0.118/1.93 = 30 or T = 750 years ago (1260).

Though if to replace number of generations with 26 on 28, that is more correct in our opinion at us results will turn out:

K67 (28 generation) = 416/86/28/ln (416/86) = 416/86/28/1.58 = 0.109, then

T (Mac Donald, 28 generation) = 761/110/0.109/ln (761/110) = 761/110/0.109/1.93 = 33 or T = 825 years ago (1185).

The received results demand to lead additional calibration of speed K67, in fact absolute value at us is equaled 0.1 [7], and 0.118 leaves on 18 % aside.

For absolute speed T (Mac Donald) will be:

T (Mac Donald) = 761/110/0.1/ln (761/110) = 761/110/0.1/1.93 = 36 or T = 900 years ago (1110).

Last value practically coincides in due course lives Somerled or King of Hybrids (about 1150). Accordingly real settlement speed lies in range K67 = 0.100 - 0.118. Earlier we recommended to use speed K67 = 0.105 as universal size. For such speed T (the Mac Donald) = 34 or 850 years ago (1160), that well coincides in the course of time lives Somerled.

In our case the average value will be K67 = 0.109, instead of K67 = 0.105. The disorder of values is stacked in 4 %. After last specifications, we recommend to use in calculations of time of a life of general ancestor TMRCA of any peoples and dynasties speed in range K67 = 0.105-0.109.

In summary we shall consider Haplotype Mac Donald’s and values alleles in various loci in view of studying cousins Rurikovich. The project of a clan Mac Donald’s has collected Haplotype 203 participants for May 2011 from which 110 Haplotype’s have 67-Markers tests DNA. Exact concurrence on the first modal panel of loci of 1-12 markers only 87 participants of researches, and in red group have 84 participants, and green group - 3 participants. For comparison, in project Rurikovich it is found only 95 Haplotype’s with full concurrence of the first panel of loci, and Rurikovich for 500 years ancient John Mac Donald's descendants and for 300 years is more senior than descendants Somerled. Therefore we believe that all laws of variations alleles Mac Donald’s will be present at Rurikovich.

Let's consider in the beginning marker DYS 389-2 on all Haplotype’s of Mac Donald’s. It varies from 29 up to 32. We shall make the Table No. 5 on this marker.

We believe that in modal Haplotype Mac Donald’s value DYS 389-2 = 30, as minimally steady mutation should be included. The further mutations have led to occurrence of values 31, 29 and 32. In fact the vector of mutations goes aside increases in parameter, rather the reverse. The mutation 29 meets only 5 times.

Now we shall look markers DYS 458, 459a and 459b. Values of markers 458 vary from 14 up to 18, the marker 459a happens 8 and 9, and the marker 459b varies from 8 up to 11. We shall reduce the data on these three markers in the Table No. 6.

In the end we shall study a situation with markers DYS CDYa and CDYb. Values of markers dance from 31 up to 41. We shall make the Table No. 7 on these two markers.

Let's deduce logically by a principle of minimization of values modal parameters from Tables No. 6 and 7. In our opinion they will be those:

DYS 458 = 15
DYS 459a = 8
DYS 459b = 10
DYS CDYa = 34
DYS CDYb = 38

Accordingly they differ from the data of the project of the Clan Mac Donald’s:

DYS 458 = 16
DYS 459a = 8
DYS 459b = 10
DYS CDYa = 34
DYS CDYb = 39

According to our representations modal Haplotype of Mac Donald’s should look as follows:

13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 30 15 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16 11 12 19 21 17 16 17 18 34 38 12 11 12 14 12 11 8 17 17 8 11 10 8 11 10 22 22 15 11 12 12 13 8 23 21 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

Therefore tables on page of the project of the Clan Mac Donald’s [3] should get absolutely other kind as it is necessary to correct in them weight of mistakes in mutations and calculations of a life of the general ancestor (by our calculations of mistakes more than 124 pieces on 203 Haplotype).

In any case we believe that all personnel’s Haplogroup R1a1 the project are the real representatives of a sort Mac Donald’s, despite of presence at them weak or strong mutations. All these changes have collected only for 700 years.

There are data that during time of "drunk" conception at the child can appear up to 8 mutations in a Y-chromosome. We even think, though we can not while to prove, that Donald’s much the Mac from Haplogroup R1b1 have John I Mac Donald general ancestor Haplogroup R1a1. On our hypothesis from the excessive use of alcohol and adverse climatic conditions the some people the Mac Donald’s for 700 years have got the big mutations, and have got in another Haplogroup. For check of this hypothesis it is necessary to study SNP.

Let's continue our reasoning’s in view of statistics on cousins the Mac to Donald’s concerning cousins Rurikovich. The official science and the genealogy supported by the House of Romanov’s and the Russian Nobiliary Assembly, persistently cost on a position of genie exclusiveness of several princes Rurikovich of Romanos’ Empire epoch and inferiority more than hundred descendants Rurik living in Russia and many countries of Europe and Asia. We shall look, as affairs at Rurikovich in disputable values DYS 458, DYS 459a, DYS 459b, DYS CDYa and DYS CDYb on materials of project Rurikid [8] are.

Let's make tables for all fast markers Rurikovich similar to the project the Mac Donald’s.

The received statistical data for Rurikovich which to name more correctly Come from Russia, confirm laws of mutations for the Clan Mac Donald’s.

So marker DYS 389-2 is distributed around of value 30 in a range 29-32, marker DYS 458 goes around of value 16 from 14 up to 19, marker DYS 459a and DYS 459b - around 9 from 8 up to 10, and markers DYS CDYa and DYS CDYb - from 32 up to 40. For 1200 of existence of the Sort of Russia Rurikovich, mutations Haplotype’s could make genetic distances from 18 up to 30 single-step mutations in 67-Markers samples of DNA-Test.

Therefore small subgroup Starodubsky’s Princes (Moscow Princes Khilkov’s, Kropotkin’s, Gagarin’s, Vadbolsky’s, Putyatin’s, Rzhevsky, etc.) from group Rurikovich is only small part of the general clan of Russia and Rurikovich. Statements genealogic the Russian Nobiliary Assembly about "exclusiveness" "present" Rurikovich are ridiculous and do not correspond to the historical and statistical validity. The problem of the present researchers will consist in gathering and the analysis new Haplotype’s, to definition SNP of the Sort of Russia and Rurikovich, to allocation of stable subgroups Haplotype’s, to formation of family trees and an identification of the found subgroups with historical given and documentary family trees of all possible Rurikovich. In this work it is necessary to take into account existence Haplotype’s descendants of senior brother Rjurika which on our reconstruction of a history [9] and Bulgarian chronicles [10] called Djilki. His descendants became Bulgarian tsars and khans of Golden Horde, and within Russian empire noblemen «with the Tatar roots though they are ethnic Finno-Ugric have joined elite under the conditional term.

Our research has shown, that there are no "artificial" cousins Mac Donald’s, and is Haplotype with the moderate and very strong mutations which have collected for rather small time interval in 700 years. Therefore to participants of the Clan Mac Donald’s is easier to realize these genetic facts, in fact all of them carry surnames the Mac Donald or its variation, that automatically proves direct relationship of all cousins.

Carrying out with the Clan Mac Donald’s can be asserted parallels a priori, that almost all participants of project Rurikid Haplogroup N1c1 are cousins Rurikovich though carry various surnames. This feature is connected to a history of assignment of surnames Rurikovich by their nicknames or names of sovereign destinies in XV-XVII centuries. However discrepancy of surnames should not distract researchers from the fact of the general relationship of all cousins Rurikovich, without dependence from size of the genetic mutations which have collected for twelve centuries. Besides the Sort of Russia Rurikovich was the most mobile people of Middle Ages, people of Vikings and Varyags, distributed the influence on British isles, Scandinavia, Baltic, northern and central Russia, and also the Volga region, Siberia and Altai. In all these regions till now there live descendants Rurik and the princes of the Russia who has created a surprising Finno-Ugric Russian civilization.

10-26.05.2011.

The bibliography:

[1] http://www.Y-Search.org/
[2] Site FamilyTreeDNA http://www.familytreedna.com/
[3] DNA-Project.Clan-Donald, http://dna-project.clan-donald-usa.org/tables.htm
[4] Chandler, J.F. Estimating per-locus mutation rates. J. Genetic Genealogy 2, 27-33, 2006.
[5] Клёсов А.А., Основные положения ДНК-генеалогии (хромосома Y), скорости мутаций, их калибровка и примеры расчетов. Вестник Российской Академии ДНК-генеалогии. 2008. 1, №2, с. 252-348. http://aklyosov.home.comcast.net
[6] Кубарев В.В., Генетические дистанции кузенов Рюриковичей. Доклад на XXII Международной конференции по проблемам цивилизации, Москва, РосНоУ, 22-23.04.2011. Link: http://www.kubarev.ru/en/content/301.htm
[7] Кубарев В.В., Корректная ДНК-генеалогия и глоттохронология, статья 04-14.01.2011, link: http://www.kubarev.ru/en/content/294.htm
[8] Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project. Link: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/rurikid/default.aspx?section=yresults
[9] Кубарев В.В., Веды Руси, М., IP Media, Inc. 2009. Link: http://www.kubarev.ru/en/content/251.htm
[10] Бахши Иман, Джагфар Тарыхи (Летописи Джагфара) Гази-Барадж Тарыхи (Летопись Гази-Бараджа), I – III том.

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